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Chapter C. Good practices to create a model The different levels of analysis and the complexity associated with the model have already been defined in the previous chapter before the modeling stage. This chapter highlights the simplifications that can be used...

Chapter D. Analysis and processing of the results  D.1 General information about numerical calculations D.2 Load combinations D.3 Results processing  D.4 Validation rules: the behavior of concrete elements D.5 Understanding and analyzing the peaks (case s...

Chapter E. How to ensure quality? Below are some simple advice to assess the quality of the finite element calculations. The principal challenges are: The proper use of the software The appropriate modeling of the structural behavior The tracea...

Chapter F. How to properly present the finite element calculation note? This paragraph introduces the fundamental elements that must be present in a note to provide a clear description of a FE computational model.  F. How to properly present the finite eleme...

This part contains modeling examples for simple and more complex objects. They are presented as a complete or partial study or even a comparison of different models of the same structure.  If you happen to have an example that you wish to share with us of a c...

A1. What does the software do in a finite element calculation? The example of beam structures The purpose of this introduction is to show, in a simple example, what lies behind a static calculation carried out with a finite element beam software. In the wiki...

A2. What is a finite element? The resolution of the efforts in the elements is carried out following the calculation of the node displacements. The method is specific for each type of element and depends on the software used. However, the main principle is c...

B. Calculation objectives and necessary tool characteristics  Creating a finite element computational model includes several steps. The choice of the tool is essential and depends on several criteria. B.1 According to the object to model First, computationa...

B.7 Organization of the calculation  This is an essential step to be carried out at the beginning of the study. Preliminary reflection on modeling A preliminary step is essential for the modeler: the analysis of the overall behavior of the structure...

C1. Input data and units The input data must be consistent, whether these values are defined in the model itself or come from other files such as a library of profiles or data from other software (*). Some elements of the methodology are provided in paragraph...

C2. Modeling of the main elements C.2.1 Creating the geometry The first stage of modeling consists of creating the geometry of the model by defining points, lines, boundaries, areas, and volumes. The notions of nodes, elements, and meshes are associated with...

C3. FE and meshing C.3.1 Types of finite elements First and foremost, the user of FE software must ensure that he or she understands the vocabulary used by the software: bar/beam, plate/shell, surface/panel, etc... Part 1 § A.3 is a theoretical part devoted...

C4. Modeling the non-structural elements or equipment Non-structural elements and equipment are elements that do not play any structural role in the behavior of the structure. Three cases can be distinguished: The element has a low mass and a low stiffne...

C5. Boundary Conditions C.5.1 General case The boundary conditions are determined by the degrees of freedom that can be fixed or not at the nodes located at the boundaries of the structure (supports, cuts ...). The notions of reference frames and boundary c...

C6. Connections - links – assembly C.6.1 Releasing the bars/springs/degrees of freedom In all models, the default connection between two beam elements is perfectly fixed. However, it is necessary to be able to release degrees of freedom on some connection no...

C7. Offsets  Most finite element software offer several options to define a beam on a fiber other than its neutral fiber. This option is very useful, for example: to easily create links between elements of different or variable heights (or thicknesses),...

C8. Composite Sections (Beams/Slabs)  Composite sections are made up of the assembly, rigid or elastic, of elements of different nature (wood, steel, concrete, ...) and/or at different dates. We study here the most common cases encountered in modeling: ...

C9. Materials Part 1 Chapter 4 is dedicated to civil engineering materials and their specificities. Defining materials is a rather simple task when modeling because most software have predefined material laws that follow one or more codes. These laws corres...

C10. Specific behavior in shear and torsion In general, it should be noted that beam element models do not systematically consider shear stress deformations, nor do they adequately account for torsional deformations. However, in the case of modeling a struct...

C11. Modeling the loading As explained in chapter E, it is important to always verify for each loading case (permanent, accidental, and thermal), by computing manually the summation of the loads, the global torsor of the loads: reaction forces and moments. (M...