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C10. Specific behavior in shear and torsion In general, it should be noted that beam element models do not systematically consider shear stress deformations, nor do they adequately account for torsional deformations. However, in the case of modeling a struct...

C11. Modeling the loading As explained in chapter E, it is important to always verify for each loading case (permanent, accidental, and thermal), by computing manually the summation of the loads, the global torsor of the loads: reaction forces and moments. (M...

C12. More about solid elements The principles stated for 2D modeling remain applicable in 3D, in particular, the use of isoparametric elements (parallelepipeds rather than tetrahedrons) is preferable, which requires a heavy and rigorous preparation of the bas...

C13. More about non-linear calculations This paragraph deals with non-linearities related to the laws of materials and the so-called geometric non-linearities. It is common to associate nonlinear calculations with complex structures such as cable-stayed and ...

C14. More about prestressed concrete The proper modeling of prestressing requires using specific software that can manage the cable layouts, the calculation of tensions (calculation of losses), and consider the phasing and creep laws.  Example of complex c...

C15. More about phased calculations The reader may also refer to Part 1 - D.3 Construction Phases. Structural phasing can lead to modification: resistant sections, support conditions, internal continuity conditions of the structure. It ca...

C16. More about dynamic and seismic calculations The dynamic solicitations generate inertial and kinematic forces in the structure. If Eurocode 8 is used for the design, a detailed explanation of the permissible simplifications is provided for the modeling a...

D1. General information on numerical calculations D.1.1 Calculation time Computation time (in the broadest sense: solving the system of equations and storing the results) is an essential point of reflection to be associated with Finite Element modeling. It ...

D2. Load combinations  D.2.1 Combinations and envelopes Recall that using a load combination consists of accumulating the structural effects of different loadings by assigning weighting coefficients to the different loadings as defined in the standards. Str...

D3. Data processing D.3.1 Stresses/Deformations or Internal forces It is important to define what you are looking for before starting the calculations, and this depends on the type of study: for structures modeled as beam elements, we will prefer proces...

D4. Normative verifications: the behavior of reinforced concrete elements D.4.1 Reinforcement mapping – reinforced concrete normative verification / connecting struts Calculations of reinforcement mapping are carried out by the current software generally by ...

F. How to properly present the finite element calculation note? This paragraph provides the minimum elements that must be included in a note in order to provide a clear description of a finite element calculation model. First of all, the modeling note cannot...

We propose below some simple advice to deploy a quality approach in finite element calculations. The main issues are: The correct use of the software Appropriate modeling of the structures' behavior Traceability of modeling assumptions and resul...

E2. Model validation using self-checking Before exploiting the model results, several verifications should be carried out on: input data; the behavior of the model under elementary stresses and kinematic conditions; the potential of the model a...

E3. Traceability and group work While there are projects where a single engineer will do all the calculations, from start to finish and at all phases, most of the time the work is divided among several people. This requires the implementation of a particular ...

D5. Understanding and analyzing the peaks (case study about concrete) The smoothing referred to in this chapter concerns the clipping of stresses or strains or the distribution of reinforcement, by averaging it, over a certain length (or width) of the calcula...

D6. Understanding and analyzing the peaks (case study about steel assembly) The results of a calculation performed on a surface finite element model (plate or shell type elements) may present stress peaks (or singularities). The presence of stress peaks is no...

D7. Further information specific to dynamic calculations D.7.1 Total mass verification In the case of dynamic studies, one of the fundamental parameters is the mass of the structure which is used to determine its eigenfrequencies. It is therefore very impor...

Example A - Modeling a complex high-rise building Franck DUBOIS - Structures Engineering Thierry RICHARD - Structures Engineering Part A: Presentation of the example Purpose of the example This example focuses on the calculation of the gener...

Bibliography General bibliographic references 1) General Papers BATOZ, Jean-Louis DHATT, Gouri. Modélisation des structures par éléments finis (volume 1 : solides élastiques). Hermès, 1990. BATOZ, Jean-Louis DHATT, Gouri. Modélisation des structu...